이 모든 공화국들이 말해주는 것은 무엇일까? 그것은 너와 나, 곧 우리 둘이 일했고 말했고 그리하여 어떤 작품이 태어났다는 것은 네가 있고, 그리고 내가 있고, 그리고 그런 너와 내가 만나서 ‘우리’ 작업이 나온 것이 아니라, 사실은 너와의 만남에 의해서만 내가 생겨났고, 너 또한 나와의 만남으로 인해서만 존재할 수 있었으며, 너와 나와 우리와 우리의 작품이 서로서로에 대해 동시적이고 상관적으로만 함께 태어났다는 것, 이 모든 공화국들이 서로가 서로를 함께 낳았다는 것을 의미한다. 프랑스의 철학자 미셸 푸코는 언젠가 이렇게 말했다. “미궁이 미노타우로스를 낳았다, 그 반대가 아니다.” 미노타우로스가 혹은 디달로스가 미궁을 만든 것이 아니다. 개별적 주체인 너와 내가 만나서, 우리를 이루고, 그다음에 이 우리가, 이 작품 혹은 저 작품을 낳은 것이 아니다. 이 작품과 우리와 너와 나는 함께 태어났다. 마치 내 사랑과 사랑에 대한 말들처럼, 마치 꿈과 꿈에 대한 말들처럼, 마치 꿈과 현실처럼, 둘은 둘이 아니라, 어떤 다른 하나이다. 지금 글을 쓰는 이 순간에, 지금 글을 읽는 이 순간에.
Minotaur
Born out of the Labyrinth
Kyoung, Huh
1.
The Republic
of Two
You
and I, shortly two people gather and work. Naturally we talk, we have a
dialogue. As translated by the 19th century scholars of Meiji(明治) Japan who created almost all conceptual terms in modern
Korean language, the word dialogue(對話) means words exchanged between two people facing each other.
In this sense, Friedrich Nietzsche, a classical Greek and Latin philologist,
once stated that the word ‘dialogue’ is a compound of two(dia) and word(logos)
and that therefore, the third person joining any dialogue inevitably prevents
it from gaining profundity. Dialogues are for two people.
2.
The Republic of Infinite
However,
it is not necessary that dialogues, or conversations, should involve only two
people. In fact, since even a conversation by oneself eventually becomes a
conversation between one thought and another, all conversations involve two,
three, and even more participants in the form of thoughts. Each of these thoughts
could bear a voice of a specific individual or an unknown man, or each could
appear as a vague image of some kind. In a sense, conversations are created by
multiple or perhaps infinite(無限) numbers of
both known and sometimes unknown voices and images within. You and I, we all
have multiple(多重) personalities.
When
you and I, we two converse, we are two people; but each one of us unavoidably
has multiple, infinite personalities within. Therefore, the conversation
between you and me, or our talking as facing each other, is a state of one
infinite multiple personalities talking in front of another infinite multiple
personalities. Infinite plus infinite equals infinite; infinite times infinite
equals infinite as well. Surely nobody knows what will happen when our infinite
personalities, the worlds, and the cosmoses meet, reconcile, and collide.
However, what is important here is the fact that the consequence of this
encounter is not a preordained state but an effect born or formed with the
encounter, at the moment, by the interrelation only.
3.
The Republic
of One
In turn, the
encounter of one infinite and another is one encounter, but at the same time,
it is an infinite encounter as well. It is an encounter of infinite one and of
one infinite. Wang Bi(王弼), a 3rd
century Chinese philosopher of the Wei(魏)
Dynasty who died at the early age of 23, interpreted the ambiguous sentence
‘The way begets one, one begets two, two begets three, and three begets all
things’(道生一, 一生二, 二生三, 三生萬物)
from Chapter 42 of the famous book Lao-tzu(老子) as
in the following. Unnamable things are not there, that is, they do not exist(無).
This unnamable, nameless thing(無名) is
forcibly given a name(有名). Thus it is begotten;
it exists(有). In other
words, since even this unnamable something has to be called something eventually
to be called by people at all, people have named it against its nature, and the
name they have given is Tao(道) or
the way. With the name Tao, being(有) or
‘one’(一) is born, and this one begets two(二)
since now there are the original non-being(無)
before it is named and the being(有)
after it is named. Then this two begets three(三), now
as a relationship between the original and the named thing arises. Everything(萬物) in
the world is born through this very process of three being begotten out of
nothing.
At a glance, all
these could be understood in the following way. For instance, when I love
someone (or have dreamed a strange dream at night), first there are my feelings
of love as they are before being verbalized (or the dream just as I have
dreamed it), then from this arise words to express my feelings (or the dream);
then from this emerges a relationship between my original feelings (or the
original dream) and the words describing them, and finally from this all things
and relationships among them are born in this world. Nonetheless, consider. Are
things really so? Should Wang Bi’s interpretation be understood according to
Aristotelian correspondence theory of truth, as how well language represents(再現) the
original feelings? The answer is no.
Wang Bi’s
commentary should be interpreted based on the sentence ‘being and non-being
give birth to one another’(有無相生) from Chapter 2 of Lao-tzu. It is not that the unnamable thing (my feelings or my
dream) exists first and then is forced to be named afterwards; rather, the
unnamed one and the named one are born out of each other at the same time.
So-called ‘love’ does not exist before it is recognized and named love. Again,
going back to my personal experience, I keep this mixture of almost
physiological reactions in my body and mind that I have felt with the bizarre
image of the dream. However, strangely enough, right at the moment I try to
depict the dream ‘as it is,’ I realize that I can never describe it as is but
can only ‘distort’ it one way or another. Then, does this mean that language is
something that distorts, something innately incomplete? Perhaps it is. However,
Lao-tzu does not view this ‘distortion’ to be distorting. According to Lao-tzu,
my dream and my depiction of it are given birth only by one another
simultaneously. The supposed ‘dream as it is’ and ‘the depiction of the dream’
beget each other. Words and things are borne only by one another, only
concurrently(有無相生).
Therefore, the ‘distortion’ phenomenon of language is not a distortion but
rather the nature of words, consequently the nature of things. In this sense,
in Chapter 1 of the same book, Lao-tzu says that a subject of words (my
feelings or the dream) and the words themselves (the description of my feelings
or the dream) are not two things and are really the same; only through human knowledge,
this one and the same thing receives two names and is recognized as two
different things(此兩者同, 出而異名). After all, the
Republic of Two is the Republic of One.
4.
The
Republic of Zero
Following the logic
asserted by Kim Young-Oak, this signifies that One as a principle of unification
and Two as a principle of differentiation can be reverted into Zero and One respectively.
A specific spot a on a perfectly white wall is not distinguished from any other
spot on the wall. However, if there is any index such as a fly or an ink stain
to differentiate this spot from all other spots, the spot can be a ‘distinguishable’
spot. This explains One as a principle of difference and differentiation. These
principles of Zero as unification and One as differentiation are two
fundamental frames that dominate human cognition from ancient Chinese
Ying-Yang(陰陽) through Yaos(爻) of Zhou Yi(周易) to modern 2-byte system of computer operation. One and Two
are the most basic cognitive frames that enable the rise of civilizations, and
there are infinite ways to cognize these frames. Just as Zero or nothing(空) is not, One and Two are not natural numbers(自然數) but are civilized numbers(文明數) already undergone an epistemic comprehension. If so-called
natural numbers are numbers humans naturally comprehend, then even children who
have not yet developed their language ability should be able to understand
number concepts. Likewise, all civilizations without exception should
understand all ‘natural’ numbers from 1 to infinity (∞). Zero, One, and Two are
not natural distinguishments; they are already the frameworks of civilization.
What natural science studies is nature based on the concept of nature
interpreted by Western civilization since the 16th century, not
nature itself. Natural science deals with the structure of human conception of
nature, not the structure of nature itself. There is no such thing as nature as
it is, and the only thing that exists is ‘nature interpreted in a certain way.’
This implies that Zero(無) or non-being
does not exist; it is being(有) that exists.
In a sense, even non-being is already being itself. Nevertheless, as Lao-tzu
teaches, being and non-being beget each other(有無相生). Without non-being being does not exist, and without being
non-being does not exist. Being and non-being are not One but Two. In fact,
they are Zero that cannot be distinguished. From one ‘unnamable something’(道) arise and thrive ‘all things’(萬物) on the earth.
5.
All these Republics
What
do all these Republics suggest? They suggest that you and I, together we have
worked and talked and therefore have created one thing or another; they suggest
that 'our' work is not a mere creation of me being here, you being there and
therefore us being together casually in this way by chance. Rather, they
suggest that our work is in fact a creation possible only by me being here,
only by you being there and therefore only by us being together in this very
particular way. They suggest that you and I, our work, and all the Republics
are born only out of all our relationships, simultaneously and correlatively. A
French philosopher Michel Foucault once said that "the Labyrinth gave
birth to Minotaur, not vice versa." The Labyrinth was not built by
Minotaur or Deadalus. Our work is not created by you and me, nor by us, nor by
our gathering. Our work, you and I, and we all are together born out of the
labyrinth of our relationships. In the end, and from the beginning, two things
are not Two but some other One, just as my feelings of love and the words
describing it are, just as my dream and the words depicting it are, just as
dreams and reality are. Just as we are now, in this moment of writing, and in
this moment of reading.